Artículo 20.- En todo proceso de orden penal, el inculpado, la víctima o el ofendido, tendrán las siguientes garantías:
A. Del inculpado:
I.- Inmediatamente que lo solicite, el juez deberá otorgarle la libertad provisional bajo caución, siempre y cuando no se trate de delitos en que, por su gravedad, la ley expresamente prohiba conceder este beneficio. En caso de delitos no graves, a solicitud del Ministerio Público, el juez podrá negar la libertad provisional, cuando el inculpado haya sido condenado con anterioridad, por algún delito calificado como grave por la ley o, cuando el Ministerio Público aporte elementos al juez para establecer que la libertad del inculpado representa, por su conducta precedente o por las circunstancias y características del delito cometido, un riesgo para el ofendido o para la sociedad.
El monto y la forma de caución que se fije, deberán ser asequibles para el inculpado. En circunstancias que la ley determine, la autoridad judicial podrá modificar el monto de la caución. Para resolver sobre la forma y el monto de la caución, el juez deberá tomar en cuenta la naturaleza, modalidades y circunstancias del delito; las características del inculpado y la posibilidad de cumplimiento de las obligaciones procesales a su cargo; los daños y perjuicios causados al ofendido; así como la sanción pecuniaria que, en su caso, pueda imponerse al inculpado.
La ley determinará los casos graves en los cuales el juez podrá revocar la libertad provisional;
II.- No podrá ser obligado a declarar. Queda prohibida y será sancionada por la ley penal, toda incomunicación, intimidación o tortura. La confesión rendida ante cualquier autoridad distinta del Ministerio Público o del juez, o ante éstos sin la asistencia de su defensor carecerá de todo valor probatorio;
III.- Se le hará saber en audiencia pública, y dentro de las cuarenta y ocho horas siguientes a su consignación a la justicia, el nombre de su acusador y la naturaleza y causa de la acusación, a fin de que conozca bien el hecho punible que se le atribuye y pueda contestar el cargo, rindiendo en este acto su declaración preparatoria.
IV.- Cuando así lo solicite, será careado, en presencia del juez, con quien deponga en su contra, salvo lo dispuesto en la fracción V del Apartado B de este artículo;
V.- Se le recibirán los testigos y demás pruebas que ofrezca, concediéndosele el tiempo que la ley estime necesario al efecto y auxiliándosele para obtener la comparecencia de las personas cuyo testimonio solicite, siempre que se encuentren en el lugar del proceso.
VI.- Será juzgado en audiencia pública por un juez o jurado de ciudadanos que sepan leer y escribir, vecinos del lugar y partido en que se cometiere el delito, siempre que éste pueda ser castigado con una pena mayor de un año de prisión. En todo caso serán juzgados por un jurado los delitos cometidos por medio de la prensa contra el orden público o la seguridad exterior o interior de la Nación.
VII.- Le serán facilitados todos los datos que solicite para su defensa y que consten en el proceso.
VIII.- Será juzgado antes de cuatro meses si se tratare de delitos cuya pena máxima no exceda de dos años de prisión, y antes de un año si la pena excediere de ese tiempo, salvo que solicite mayor plazo para su defensa;
IX.- Desde el inicio de su proceso será informado de los derechos que en su favor consigna esta Constitución y tendrá derecho a una defensa adecuada, por sí, por abogado, o por persona de su confianza. Si no quiere o no puede nombrar defensor, después de haber sido requerido para hacerlo, el juez le designará un defensor de oficio. También tendrá derecho a que su defensor comparezca en todos los actos del proceso y éste tendrá obligación de hacerlo cuantas veces se le requiera; y,
X.- En ningún caso podrá prolongarse la prisión o detención, por falta de pago de honorarios de defensores o por cualquiera otra prestación de dinero, por causa de responsabilidad civil o algún otro motivo análogo.
Tampoco podrá prolongarse la prisión preventiva por más tiempo del que como máximo fije la ley al delito que motivare el proceso.
En toda pena de prisión que imponga una sentencia, se computará el tiempo de la detención.
Las garantías previstas en las fracciones I, V, VII y IX también serán observadas durante la averiguación previa, en los términos y con los requisitos y límites que las leyes establezcan; lo previsto en la fracción II no estará sujeto a condición alguna.
B. De la víctima o del ofendido:
I.- Recibir asesoría jurídica; ser informado de los derechos que en su favor establece la Constitución y, cuando lo solicite, ser informado del desarrollo del procedimiento penal;
II.- Coadyuvar con el Ministerio Público; a que se le reciban todos los datos o elementos de prueba con los que cuente, tanto en la averiguación previa como en el proceso, y a que se desahoguen las diligencias correspondientes.
Cuando el Ministerio Público considere que no es necesario el desahogo de la diligencia, deberá fundar y motivar su negativa;
III.- Recibir, desde la comisión del delito, atención médica y psicológica de urgencia;
IV.- Que se le repare el daño. En los casos en que sea procedente, el Ministerio Público estará obligado a solicitar la reparación del daño y el juzgador no podrá absolver al sentenciado de dicha reparación si ha emitido una sentencia condenatoria.
La ley fijará procedimientos ágiles para ejecutar las sentencias en materia de reparación del daño;
V.- Cuando la víctima o el ofendido sean menores de edad, no estarán obligados a carearse con el inculpado cuando se trate de los delitos de violación o secuestro. En estos casos, se llevarán a cabo declaraciones en las condiciones que establezca la ley; y
VI.- Solicitar las medidas y providencias que prevea la ley para su seguridad y auxilio.
Article 20. In all criminal proceedings, the defendant, the victim or the offended party shall have the following constitutional rights.
A. The defendant:
I. Immediately upon request by the defendant, the judge must set him at liberty on bail, provided the crime he is charged with is not a felony where the Law explicitly prohibits granting it. In case of crimes which are not felonies, the judge may deny liberty on bail, upon request by the Public Prosecutor, when the defendant has been previously convicted for a felony according to the Law or whenever the Public Prosecutor should submit to the judge, evidence establishing that freeing the accused represents, on account of his preceding behaviour or of the circumstances and nature of the crime committed, a risk for the offended party or for society.
The amount and form of the bail fixed must be accessible for the accused. In certain circumstances set forth by the Law, the judicial authority may modify the amount of the bail. To determine the amount and form of the bail, the judge must consider the nature, particularities and circumstances of the crime, the character of the defendant and the possibilities of complying with his duties in respect to trial; the losses and damages caused to the offended party; as well as the fine which, if applicable, may be imposed upon the accused.
The Law shall determine the serious cases where the judge may revoke liberty on bail;
II. He cannot be forced to declare. Any denial of communication, intimidation or torture is prohibited and shall be punished by criminal law. Any confession made before any authority other than the Public Prosecutor or the judge or even before any of them without the assistance of his counsellor shall have no weight as evidence;
III. He shall be informed in a hearing in open court, and within the next forty eight hours immediately following the filing of charges, the name of his accuser and the cause and nature of the accusation, so that in such hearing, the defendant may know the criminal conduct attributed to him and so that he may respond to the charges against him, in his preliminary statement;
IV. At his request he shall be confronted with the witnesses against him before the judge, except as provided under subsections V of Section B of this Article;
V. All witnesses and any other evidence submitted on his own behalf shall be admitted within the term the Law deems necessary to that end and he shall be assisted in securing the presence of those witnesses whose testimony he may request, provided they are to be found in the place where the trial is held;
VI. He shall be judged in open court by a judge or by a jury composed of citizens who can read and write and who reside in the place and district where the crime was committed, provided such crime is punishable with more than one year of imprisonment.
In any case, crimes committed through the press against public order or against the Nation’s foreign or domestic security, shall be tried by a jury;
VII. He shall be furnished with all the information on record in the proceedings that he shall request for his defense;
VIII. He shall be tried within a term of four months in the case of crimes punishable with a maximum penalty not exceeding two years of imprisonment; and within a term of one year if the crime is punishable with a penalty exceeding such term, unless he shall request a longer term for his defense;
IX. From the commencement of proceedings, he shall be informed of the rights provided to his benefit by this Constitution and of his right to an adequate defense, either by himself, by counsel or by a trusted person. Should he not wish or should he have no one to appoint as counsel for his defense, upon being required to do so, the judge shall appoint him a public defendant. He shall also be entitled to have his attorney present in all actions during the proceedings and he shall have the duty to appear as often as required by the court; and
X. Prison or detention may never be extended for failure to pay attorneys’ fees nor any other monetary obligation, on account of civil liability or for any other similar cause.
Nor can pretrial detention be extended beyond the maximum imprisonment term established by the Law as penalty for the crime charged. Whenever a conviction sentence imposes imprisonment the term thereof shall start running from the moment the defendant is arrested.
The constitutional rights set forth in subsections I, V, VII and IX herein shall also be respected during the preliminary criminal inquiry, subject to the terms and under the requirements and restrictions established by the laws. The provision in subsection
II shall not be subject to any condition.
B. The victim or the offended party:
I. To receive legal counsel; to be informed of the rights that the Constitution establishes to his benefit and whenever he should so require it, to be informed of the developments of the criminal proceedings;
II. To assist the Public Prosecutor; to be received all the information and evidence that he furnishes, during the preliminary criminal inquiry as well as during proceedings, and for appropriate proceedings to be carried out.
Whenever the Public Prosecutor does not consider necessary to carry out the proceeding, he must state the grounds of law and fact justifying his refusal.
III. To receive urgent medical and psychological attention, from the moment the crime was committed.
IV. To recover damages. Whenever it should be legally admissible, the Public Prosecutor is obliged to require restitution of damages and the judge shall not acquit the convict from making restitution if he shall have imposed on him a conviction sentence.
The Law shall set forth swift and speedy procedures to enforce judgments in matters of recovery of damages.
V. Should the victim or the offended party be minors, he shall not be required to confront the defendant face to face, when the crime dealt with is rape or kidnapping. In such cases, the depositions shall be taken in the conditions established by the Law; and
VI. To require the injunctions and measures provided by the Law for his security and assistance.
A. The defendant:
I. Immediately upon request by the defendant, the judge must set him at liberty on bail, provided the crime he is charged with is not a felony where the Law explicitly prohibits granting it. In case of crimes which are not felonies, the judge may deny liberty on bail, upon request by the Public Prosecutor, when the defendant has been previously convicted for a felony according to the Law or whenever the Public Prosecutor should submit to the judge, evidence establishing that freeing the accused represents, on account of his preceding behaviour or of the circumstances and nature of the crime committed, a risk for the offended party or for society.
The amount and form of the bail fixed must be accessible for the accused. In certain circumstances set forth by the Law, the judicial authority may modify the amount of the bail. To determine the amount and form of the bail, the judge must consider the nature, particularities and circumstances of the crime, the character of the defendant and the possibilities of complying with his duties in respect to trial; the losses and damages caused to the offended party; as well as the fine which, if applicable, may be imposed upon the accused.
The Law shall determine the serious cases where the judge may revoke liberty on bail;
II. He cannot be forced to declare. Any denial of communication, intimidation or torture is prohibited and shall be punished by criminal law. Any confession made before any authority other than the Public Prosecutor or the judge or even before any of them without the assistance of his counsellor shall have no weight as evidence;
III. He shall be informed in a hearing in open court, and within the next forty eight hours immediately following the filing of charges, the name of his accuser and the cause and nature of the accusation, so that in such hearing, the defendant may know the criminal conduct attributed to him and so that he may respond to the charges against him, in his preliminary statement;
IV. At his request he shall be confronted with the witnesses against him before the judge, except as provided under subsections V of Section B of this Article;
V. All witnesses and any other evidence submitted on his own behalf shall be admitted within the term the Law deems necessary to that end and he shall be assisted in securing the presence of those witnesses whose testimony he may request, provided they are to be found in the place where the trial is held;
VI. He shall be judged in open court by a judge or by a jury composed of citizens who can read and write and who reside in the place and district where the crime was committed, provided such crime is punishable with more than one year of imprisonment.
In any case, crimes committed through the press against public order or against the Nation’s foreign or domestic security, shall be tried by a jury;
VII. He shall be furnished with all the information on record in the proceedings that he shall request for his defense;
VIII. He shall be tried within a term of four months in the case of crimes punishable with a maximum penalty not exceeding two years of imprisonment; and within a term of one year if the crime is punishable with a penalty exceeding such term, unless he shall request a longer term for his defense;
IX. From the commencement of proceedings, he shall be informed of the rights provided to his benefit by this Constitution and of his right to an adequate defense, either by himself, by counsel or by a trusted person. Should he not wish or should he have no one to appoint as counsel for his defense, upon being required to do so, the judge shall appoint him a public defendant. He shall also be entitled to have his attorney present in all actions during the proceedings and he shall have the duty to appear as often as required by the court; and
X. Prison or detention may never be extended for failure to pay attorneys’ fees nor any other monetary obligation, on account of civil liability or for any other similar cause.
Nor can pretrial detention be extended beyond the maximum imprisonment term established by the Law as penalty for the crime charged. Whenever a conviction sentence imposes imprisonment the term thereof shall start running from the moment the defendant is arrested.
The constitutional rights set forth in subsections I, V, VII and IX herein shall also be respected during the preliminary criminal inquiry, subject to the terms and under the requirements and restrictions established by the laws. The provision in subsection
II shall not be subject to any condition.
B. The victim or the offended party:
I. To receive legal counsel; to be informed of the rights that the Constitution establishes to his benefit and whenever he should so require it, to be informed of the developments of the criminal proceedings;
II. To assist the Public Prosecutor; to be received all the information and evidence that he furnishes, during the preliminary criminal inquiry as well as during proceedings, and for appropriate proceedings to be carried out.
Whenever the Public Prosecutor does not consider necessary to carry out the proceeding, he must state the grounds of law and fact justifying his refusal.
III. To receive urgent medical and psychological attention, from the moment the crime was committed.
IV. To recover damages. Whenever it should be legally admissible, the Public Prosecutor is obliged to require restitution of damages and the judge shall not acquit the convict from making restitution if he shall have imposed on him a conviction sentence.
The Law shall set forth swift and speedy procedures to enforce judgments in matters of recovery of damages.
V. Should the victim or the offended party be minors, he shall not be required to confront the defendant face to face, when the crime dealt with is rape or kidnapping. In such cases, the depositions shall be taken in the conditions established by the Law; and
VI. To require the injunctions and measures provided by the Law for his security and assistance.
1 comentario:
Todas y cada una de las diversas fracciones que integran este articulo constituyen otras tantas garantias otorgadas a los individuos acusados de algun delito. Fueron muchas y muy variados los debates que se libraron en el seno del Cngreso Constituyente de Queretaro en 1917 alrededor de este precepto, pues en verdad, es de la maxima importancia como base y regulador del juicio penal. Parte de estas fracciones existian en la Constitucion de 1857, el resto constituyen una novedad y ls reformas que se han dado hasta el presente. Para los que tendan acceso y oportunidad les seria muy provechoso consultar la obra "Los Derechos el Pueblo Mexicano" publicado por la L Legislatura Federal. Mexicano: ESTA ES TU CONSTITUCION!
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